Thursday, July 25, 2013
Feedback on the Summer Chemistry Course
This summer, having a relaxed learning environment with a patient teacher has really helped me both learn and understand chemistry. One suggestion I have to helped students with the course is taking practice quizzes before mini quizzes. That way students can further understand the material they are being quizzed on before taking the actual quiz. If student's worked in pairs on the economist reports, I feel as if much more research can be done and student's could collaborate to make interesting presentations together instead of just reading a paragraph from the smart board. Students could create an interactive presentation and engage other students so learning could be more enjoyable. Or, students could include video in their economist reports to keep their other classmates interested. Using blogs for homework is very organized and effective for students, in my opinion. The intructor should not check all homework on blogs, they should simply trust that the students are doing their work. One thing that could embody the new vision of 'joy of learning' would be to not force students to take tests to assess their knowladge of the material they have been taught. Every student has a different learning style. Therefore, every student prefers a different way of being tested on the material they have been learning all year. Some students might explain they know the material through essays, while others may do so through a powerpoint presentation or project. If the student know the material either way, it is not fair to make them take a test to see if they are understanding of the material becasue some people might not feel comfortable expressing their udnerstanding in that way.
Homework due Thursday, July 25th
1. Repeating units in each structure
a. Monomer: 1
b. Dimer: 2
c. Trimer: 3
d. Polymer: unlimited
3. Natural polymers: cellulose, starch, nucleic acids, peptides
Synthetic polymers: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, polystyrene
6. The term "unsaturated" is used to describe alkenes and alkynes because they have other than single bonds within their structures. Alkenes have a double bond and Alkynes have a triple bond.
13.
11.
a. II
b. III
c. I
d. II
12. The other 75% is lost in heat, which is why the engine is so inefficient.
Wednesday, July 24, 2013
Homework Due wednesday july 24th
3SAS #31-38, page 235
31) a. Propane, C3H8
b. Pentane, C5H12
32) The suffix -ane implies that hexane is an alkane.
33) Yes, each of these molecules are isomers of one another. They are all combosed of 5 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, but appear to be different because of the arrangement of atoms. These three molecules are structional isomers of one another, for they have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.
34) See drawings.
35) Butane (C4H10) is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism- alkanes with four or more carbon atoms can be demostrated as straight-cchain structures, branched-chain structures, and ring structures.
36)
Both representations are correct because their different arrangements of atoms does not change the identical molecular formulas of the molecule; this would make the molecules structural isomers of each other.
37)a. See drawing.
b. The branched-chain molecule would have the lower boiling point. Since the straight-chain molecule has greater molecule-to-molecule contact, it has a stronger intermolecular force than the branched-chain molecule, resulting in a higher boiling point.
38)
a. A short, straight chain would have a lower boiling point because of decreased molecule-to-molecule contact than the longer boiling point. The bonds of this chain would be easier to break than a longer straight chain. However, this straight chain would have a higher boiling point than a branched chain.
b.A short, branched chain would have the lower boiling point. Although the bonds of a branched chain are easier to break than those of a straight chain, it would be more difficult to break more molecular bonds within the long chain, resulting in a higher boiling point.
c. A short, branched chain would have a lower boiling point. Straight chains have stronger intermolecular forces that hold together each molecule in contact, where as bonds between branched chains are more breakable due to the decreased intermolecular molecular forces between them.
3SBS #1-10, page 258
1) Petroleum is sometimes cosidered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from sunlight by these prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis; "buried sunshine".
2)
a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy ready to be released. An example of potential energy is a the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. A car rolling down a hill is an example of kinetic energy (after the pedal on a breaked car, representing potential energy, is released).
3) Chemical energy, another form of potential energy, is stored within the bonds in chemical compounds. When an energy-releasing reaction takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.
4) A molecule of butane has more potential energy, it has more carbons than methane and a higher boiling point than methane. The bonds of butane are harder to break than the bonds of methane, resulting its higher potential energy.
5)
a. Potential energy.
b. Potential energy.
c. Kinetic energy.
d. Potential energy.
e. Kinetic energy.
6) Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is what causes the reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy.
7)
a. Exothermic. More energy is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.
b. Endothermic. More energy is required to crack large hydrocarbon molecules than is released.
c. Endothermic. It takes more energy to digest a candy bar than the energy released after digestion.
8) The product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction.
9) See drawing.
10) The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.
31) a. Propane, C3H8
b. Pentane, C5H12
32) The suffix -ane implies that hexane is an alkane.
33) Yes, each of these molecules are isomers of one another. They are all combosed of 5 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, but appear to be different because of the arrangement of atoms. These three molecules are structional isomers of one another, for they have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.
34) See drawings.
35) Butane (C4H10) is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism- alkanes with four or more carbon atoms can be demostrated as straight-cchain structures, branched-chain structures, and ring structures.
36)
Both representations are correct because their different arrangements of atoms does not change the identical molecular formulas of the molecule; this would make the molecules structural isomers of each other.
37)a. See drawing.
b. The branched-chain molecule would have the lower boiling point. Since the straight-chain molecule has greater molecule-to-molecule contact, it has a stronger intermolecular force than the branched-chain molecule, resulting in a higher boiling point.
38)
a. A short, straight chain would have a lower boiling point because of decreased molecule-to-molecule contact than the longer boiling point. The bonds of this chain would be easier to break than a longer straight chain. However, this straight chain would have a higher boiling point than a branched chain.
b.A short, branched chain would have the lower boiling point. Although the bonds of a branched chain are easier to break than those of a straight chain, it would be more difficult to break more molecular bonds within the long chain, resulting in a higher boiling point.
c. A short, branched chain would have a lower boiling point. Straight chains have stronger intermolecular forces that hold together each molecule in contact, where as bonds between branched chains are more breakable due to the decreased intermolecular molecular forces between them.
3SBS #1-10, page 258
1) Petroleum is sometimes cosidered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from sunlight by these prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis; "buried sunshine".
2)
a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy ready to be released. An example of potential energy is a the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.
b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. A car rolling down a hill is an example of kinetic energy (after the pedal on a breaked car, representing potential energy, is released).
3) Chemical energy, another form of potential energy, is stored within the bonds in chemical compounds. When an energy-releasing reaction takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.
4) A molecule of butane has more potential energy, it has more carbons than methane and a higher boiling point than methane. The bonds of butane are harder to break than the bonds of methane, resulting its higher potential energy.
5)
a. Potential energy.
b. Potential energy.
c. Kinetic energy.
d. Potential energy.
e. Kinetic energy.
6) Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is what causes the reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy.
7)
a. Exothermic. More energy is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.
b. Endothermic. More energy is required to crack large hydrocarbon molecules than is released.
c. Endothermic. It takes more energy to digest a candy bar than the energy released after digestion.
8) The product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction.
9) See drawing.
10) The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.
Monday, July 22, 2013
Homework Due Tuesday July 23rd
Unit 4 B.3 (p.344) #1-4; Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6, and Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except #: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
Unit 4 B.3 (p.344) #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause a very bad sunburn that can potentially lead to skin cancer.
2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation:
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because too much exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause a very bad sunburn that can potentially lead to skin cancer.
2. Two essential roles played by visible solar radiation:
1. they can energize electrons in some chemical bonds
2. this provides energy needed for photosynthesis reactions
3. Dry, arid regions in the United States experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day then do more humid states because there is less water vapor; therefore infrared radiation isn't stored, reradiated, or reflected back into the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation that is transformed in the clouds to produce infrared radiation. However, heat does reach the earth.
4. a. Day time temperatures would be affected if Earth had less dense atmosphere because it would be colder. This is because with less greenhouse gasses, like CO2 or H2O, less infrared radiation would be absorbed and be reflected back onto the atmosphere from the UV and visible radiation that was transformed to IR radiation in the clouds. In all less heat energy would be formed from less absorbed infrared radiation.
b. The night time temperatures would be affected if Earth has less dense atmosphere because it would be colder than it would normally be because one there is no presence of the sun and two because less infrared radiation is absorbed and reflected back onto Earth, making it colder.
Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6
1. 1kg of carbon dioxide is produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses
2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School
3. In a 180-day school year, 180g of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses, and 72L of fuel would be consumed
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by about 30% since 1800 because of the clearing of forests, combustion of cutting and scrap timbers, and because of the burning of fossil fuels.
5. Yes, I do think the school bus idling policy will significantly affect annual worldwide supply of fossil fuels that are converted to carbon dioxide because as years go by, more fossil fuels will be needed for more buses.
6. The school buss idling policy is necessary to help preserve the burning of fossil fuels. And hopefully with this policy it will help when years go by and more fossil fuels will be needed.
Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
1) A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3) Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and can be used as both fuel, which can be converted to gasoline, can provide heat, can deliver energy, and can be used to make manufactured goods.
5) By saying crude it is meant that it is unrefined.
6) ???????
7) Some fuels obtained from crude petroleum include: kerosene, petroleum oil, gasoline, and lubricating oil.
8)
a. Candles, water bottle, soap, rubbing alcohol are all houshold items made from petroleum.
b. palm oil could replace petroleum in candles, aluminum could replace petroleum in water bottles, detergenst could replace petroleum in soap, and Isopropyl alcohol could replace petroleum in rubbing alcohol.
10)
a. Middle East has the most petroleum reserves.
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves.
11)
a. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania has the most petroleum consumption.
b. Africa has the least petroleum consumption.
12) Density could be used to seperate two different liquids if the substance are not dissolvable.
13) A mixture with the substances water and acetone would be the easiest to seearate from each other by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, while acetone has the lowest boiling point, causing it to be easily seperated.
15)
3. Dry, arid regions in the United States experience wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day then do more humid states because there is less water vapor; therefore infrared radiation isn't stored, reradiated, or reflected back into the atmosphere from electromagnetic radiation that is transformed in the clouds to produce infrared radiation. However, heat does reach the earth.
4. a. Day time temperatures would be affected if Earth had less dense atmosphere because it would be colder. This is because with less greenhouse gasses, like CO2 or H2O, less infrared radiation would be absorbed and be reflected back onto the atmosphere from the UV and visible radiation that was transformed to IR radiation in the clouds. In all less heat energy would be formed from less absorbed infrared radiation.
b. The night time temperatures would be affected if Earth has less dense atmosphere because it would be colder than it would normally be because one there is no presence of the sun and two because less infrared radiation is absorbed and reflected back onto Earth, making it colder.
Unit 4 B.8 (p.350) #1-6
1. 1kg of carbon dioxide is produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses
2. 0.40 L of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School
3. In a 180-day school year, 180g of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses, and 72L of fuel would be consumed
4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by about 30% since 1800 because of the clearing of forests, combustion of cutting and scrap timbers, and because of the burning of fossil fuels.
5. Yes, I do think the school bus idling policy will significantly affect annual worldwide supply of fossil fuels that are converted to carbon dioxide because as years go by, more fossil fuels will be needed for more buses.
6. The school buss idling policy is necessary to help preserve the burning of fossil fuels. And hopefully with this policy it will help when years go by and more fossil fuels will be needed.
Unit 3 SAS (p.233) #1-30 (except: 2,4,9,14,24,25)
1) A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3) Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and can be used as both fuel, which can be converted to gasoline, can provide heat, can deliver energy, and can be used to make manufactured goods.
5) By saying crude it is meant that it is unrefined.
6) ???????
7) Some fuels obtained from crude petroleum include: kerosene, petroleum oil, gasoline, and lubricating oil.
8)
a. Candles, water bottle, soap, rubbing alcohol are all houshold items made from petroleum.
b. palm oil could replace petroleum in candles, aluminum could replace petroleum in water bottles, detergenst could replace petroleum in soap, and Isopropyl alcohol could replace petroleum in rubbing alcohol.
10)
a. Middle East has the most petroleum reserves.
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves.
11)
a. Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania has the most petroleum consumption.
b. Africa has the least petroleum consumption.
12) Density could be used to seperate two different liquids if the substance are not dissolvable.
13) A mixture with the substances water and acetone would be the easiest to seearate from each other by distillation because water has the highest boiling point, while acetone has the lowest boiling point, causing it to be easily seperated.
15)
16) Fractional distillation differs from simple distillation because fractional distillation is a refining that does not seperate each compound in a mixture, but produces several distinctive mixtures, called fractions, while simple distillation is the seperation of liquid substances according to their
differing boiling points.
17. Products derived from light include motor gasoline and refined oil. Products derived from intermediate include gas oil and heavy furnace oil. Products derived from heavy include lubricating oil/grease and heavy oils/wax.
18. The highest boiling point in a distillation column would most likely be removed at the bottom because the thick liquids never vaporize.
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between 2 atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
18. The highest boiling point in a distillation column would most likely be removed at the bottom because the thick liquids never vaporize.
19. After fractional distillation, a way to further separate the mixtures is distillation.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, octane. The higher the boiling point is, the stronger the intermolecular forces.
21. A covalent bond is the sharing of 2 or more valence electrons between 2 atoms, allowing both atoms to completely fill out their outer shells.
22. Atoms with filled electrons (8 valence electrons) are particularly stable, and therefore, tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble gases are atoms with filled outer electron shells.
23. Since the two dogs desire the sock, they must share it, although they desire to have it for themselves; like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock connecting them.
26.
- a. A structural formula shows the makeup of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is, where as a molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses.
- b. The structure of a formula shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula.
27. See drawings.
28.The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom only shows four dots because the four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the outer (and not inner) shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.
29.
- a. C9H20
- b. C16H34
- c. C10H22
- d. C18H38
30.
- a. 128g
- b. 226g
- c. 142g
- d. 254g
Striking It Rich Mini Lab Report
Sammy, Julia, & Clemmy
July 22, 2013
Summer Chemistry
Dr. Forman
1. The treated coins appear to be composed of other metals opposed to copper for example zinc. We think this because the color changed from a copper color to silver.
2. We would say that the claim would be incorrect because it forms alloys not precious metals.
3. Two practical uses for metallic charges similar to those we observed in this investigation is because alloys were formed. This causes a stronger metal to be formed from less strong elements that composed them, then these alloys are able to be used for everyday uses.
4.
a. The penny that was only placed in the bubbling zinc chloride solution formed a less alloy of copper and zinc. However, the penny that was placed in both the bubbling zinc chloride solution and directly placed onto the hot plate formed a more combined alloy. Overall, they had different reactions depending on the procedure they undertook.
b. I think that they could be converted back but only if they had an element in use that was more reactive.
July 22, 2013
Summer Chemistry
Dr. Forman
1. The treated coins appear to be composed of other metals opposed to copper for example zinc. We think this because the color changed from a copper color to silver.
2. We would say that the claim would be incorrect because it forms alloys not precious metals.
3. Two practical uses for metallic charges similar to those we observed in this investigation is because alloys were formed. This causes a stronger metal to be formed from less strong elements that composed them, then these alloys are able to be used for everyday uses.
4.
a. The penny that was only placed in the bubbling zinc chloride solution formed a less alloy of copper and zinc. However, the penny that was placed in both the bubbling zinc chloride solution and directly placed onto the hot plate formed a more combined alloy. Overall, they had different reactions depending on the procedure they undertook.
b. I think that they could be converted back but only if they had an element in use that was more reactive.
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| our individual group data |
Sunday, July 21, 2013
Homework due monday july 22nd
Page 360 # 1-8
1. The frequency is proportional while the wavelength is inversely proportional.
2. This is definatley a good descriptor because it shows the ranges of energy.
3. Because visible radiation can energize the electrons is chemical bonds which delivers the energy necessary for reactions, this is useful for photosynthesis.
4. A) Infrared, visible, and ultraviolet
B) Infrared radiation warms living things, visible reactions energize electrons, and ultraviolet radiation kills bacteria and destroys viruses.
5. UV-C photons can break covalent bonds and leads to a chemical change in the materials exposed. In addition, it can also kill bacteria that are harmuful to other living creatures.
6. Infrared reactions can be absorbed by greenhouse gases, which reradiates back to earth. 90% of visible radiation travels to earth’s surface. UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth’s surface and most UV-A and UV_B radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer.
7. More greenhouse gases cause more infrared radiation, which results in more energy reradiated on earths surface. Therefore, the earth becomes hotter.
8.
A) Asphalt warms up more when directly exposed to sunlight because solar radiation makes it reflect and illuminate back into space. Lake water also reflects light, but it absorbs and stores heat as well.
B) Water acts as a greenhouse gas and absorbs infrared light, but asphalt directly reflects light sources back to space.
Page 361 #14-20
14. Atmospheric CO2 and water vapor help maintain moderate temperatures at Earth's surface because both the hydrologic cycle and the carbon cycle maintain stable concentrations of water and carbon dioxide in the world.
15. a. respiration, fossil fuels, decay, combustion
b. decomposition product of plant and animal wastes, refining fossil fuels, raising livestock
16. a. The runaway greenhouse effect: as a greenhouse gas, increased water vapor may cause an even greater increase in global temperatures due to adsorption and the real ease of infrared radiation, which cause another upward spiral.
b. clouds
17. This is because more CO2 is added than can be removed by natural process.
18. a.
b. clouds
17. This is because more CO2 is added than can be removed by natural process.
18. a.
b.
19. Atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, natural gas and organic molecules are all chemical reservoirs of carbon atoms.
20. The carbon atom could be part of the atmosphere as a gas as a result of photosynthesis, in the lithosphere as plant or animal waste decay, or part of the hydrosphere as limestone.
Friday, July 19, 2013
Homework due friday june 19th
2SDS pg. 204 #7-13
7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms made up of two or more metals.
8. Two alloys I use regularly are Cutlery steel and carat gold. Cutlery steel is in many of the utensials i use to eat, and carat gold is in most of the jewlerry i wear and own. s
9. Carbon is a nonmetal that is a part of both steel and stainless steel.
10. Chromium- platinum, also known as Cr3Pt, is a sturdy alloy that creates the basis of many razor blade edges.
11. Elements that act as semi-conductors are commonly known as metalloids. They lay in between metals and nonmetals, and they exemplify characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
12. Three elements frequently used for doping semiconductors are phosphorus, arsenic, and gallium.
13. The primary use of the products of semi conductor technology is for letting computers process digital information; many semi-conductor devices have integrated circuits that are used in commuters and other electronic devices, as well.
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